Multi Match

The multi_match query builds on the match queryto allow multi-field queries:

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fields and per-field boostingedit

Fields can be specified with wildcards, eg:

Individual fields can be boosted with the caret (^) notation:

If no fields are provided, the multi_match query defaults to the index.query.default_fieldindex settings, which in turn defaults to *. * extracts all fields in the mapping thatare eligible to term queries and filters the metadata fields. All extracted fields are thencombined to build a query.

There is a limit on the number of fields that can be queriedat once. It is defined by the indices.query.bool.max_clause_countSearch settingswhich defaults to 1024.

Types of multi_match query:edit

The way the multi_match query is executed internally depends on the typeparameter, which can be set to:

The best_fields type is most useful when you are searching for multiplewords best found in the same field. For instance “brown fox” in a singlefield is more meaningful than “brown” in one field and “fox” in the other.

The best_fields type generates a match query foreach field and wraps them in a dis_max query, tofind the single best matching field. For instance, this query:

would be executed as:

Normally the best_fields type uses the score of the single best matchingfield, but if tie_breaker is specified, then it calculates the score asfollows:

• the score from the best matching field
• plus tie_breaker * _score for all other matching fields

Also, accepts analyzer, boost, operator, minimum_should_match,fuzziness, lenient, prefix_length, max_expansions, fuzzy_rewrite, zero_terms_query, cutoff_frequency, auto_generate_synonyms_phrase_query and fuzzy_transpositions, as explained in match query.

operator and minimum_should_match

The best_fields and most_fields types are field-centric — they generatea match query per field. This means that the operator andminimum_should_match parameters are applied to each field individually,which is probably not what you want.

Take this query for example:

This query is executed as:

In other words, all terms must be present in a single field for a documentto match.

See cross_fields for a better solution.

The most_fields type is most useful when querying multiple fields thatcontain the same text analyzed in different ways. For instance, the mainfield may contain synonyms, stemming and terms without diacritics. A secondfield may contain the original terms, and a third field might containshingles. By combining scores from all three fields we can match as manydocuments as possible with the main field, but use the second and third fieldsto push the most similar results to the top of the list.

This query:

would be executed as:

The score from each match clause is added together, then divided by thenumber of match clauses.

Also, accepts analyzer, boost, operator, minimum_should_match,fuzziness, lenient, prefix_length, max_expansions, fuzzy_rewrite, zero_terms_queryand cutoff_frequency, as explained in match query, butsee operator and minimum_should_match.

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The phrase and phrase_prefix types behave just like best_fields,but they use a match_phrase or match_phrase_prefix query instead of amatch query.

This query:

would be executed as:

Also, accepts analyzer, boost, lenient and zero_terms_query as explainedin Match, as well as slop which is explained in Match phrase.Type phrase_prefix additionally accepts max_expansions.

phrase, phrase_prefix and fuzziness

The fuzziness parameter cannot be used with the phrase or phrase_prefix type.

The cross_fields type is particularly useful with structured documents wheremultiple fields should match. For instance, when querying the first_nameand last_name fields for “Will Smith”, the best match is likely to have“Will” in one field and “Smith” in the other.

One way of dealing with these types of queries is simply to index thefirst_name and last_name fields into a single full_name field. Ofcourse, this can only be done at index time.

The cross_field type tries to solve these problems at query time by taking aterm-centric approach. It first analyzes the query string into individualterms, then looks for each term in any of the fields, as though they were onebig field.

A query like:

is executed as:

In other words, all terms must be present in at least one field for adocument to match. (Compare this tothe logic used for best_fields and most_fields.)

That solves one of the two problems. The problem of differing term frequenciesis solved by blending the term frequencies for all fields in order to evenout the differences.

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In practice, first_name:smith will be treated as though it has the samefrequencies as last_name:smith, plus one. This will make matches onfirst_name and last_name have comparable scores, with a tiny advantagefor last_name since it is the most likely field that contains smith.

Note that cross_fields is usually only useful on short string fieldsthat all have a boost of 1. Otherwise boosts, term freqs and lengthnormalization contribute to the score in such a way that the blending of termstatistics is not meaningful anymore.

If you run the above query through the Validate, it returns thisexplanation:

Also, accepts analyzer, boost, operator, minimum_should_match,lenient, zero_terms_query and cutoff_frequency, as explained inmatch query.

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The cross_field type can only work in term-centric mode on fields that havethe same analyzer. Fields with the same analyzer are grouped together as inthe example above. If there are multiple groups, they are combined with abool query.

For instance, if we have a first and last field which havethe same analyzer, plus a first.edge and last.edge whichboth use an edge_ngram analyzer, this query:

would be executed as:

In other words, first and last would be grouped together andtreated as a single field, and first.edge and last.edge would begrouped together and treated as a single field.

Having multiple groups is fine, but when combined with operator orminimum_should_match, it can suffer from the same problemas most_fields or best_fields.

You can easily rewrite this query yourself as two separate cross_fieldsqueries combined with a bool query, and apply the minimum_should_matchparameter to just one of them:

You can force all fields into the same group by specifying the analyzerparameter in the query.

which will be executed as:

By default, each per-term blended query will use the best score returned byany field in a group, then these scores are added together to give the finalscore. The tie_breaker parameter can change the default behaviour of theper-term blended queries. It accepts:

cross_fields and fuzziness

The fuzziness parameter cannot be used with the cross_fields type.

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The bool_prefix type’s scoring behaves like most_fields, but using amatch_bool_prefix query instead of amatch query.

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The analyzer, boost, operator, minimum_should_match, lenient,zero_terms_query, and auto_generate_synonyms_phrase_query parameters asexplained in match query are supported. Thefuzziness, prefix_length, max_expansions, fuzzy_rewrite, andfuzzy_transpositions parameters are supported for the terms that are used toconstruct term queries, but do not have an effect on the prefix queryconstructed from the final term.

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The slop and cutoff_frequency parameters are not supported by this querytype.